托福寫作審題時需要避免的錯誤
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托福寫作審題時需要避免的錯誤
托福獨立寫作審題誤區一 沒注意關鍵詞
同學們考寫作考了這么多年，大多數出題的形式都已爛熟于心，看到題目之后覺得熟悉于是興沖沖提筆就寫，其實，這種看似“熟練”的表象下藏著巨大的隱患——同學們很有可能因為看得太快而忽略某個決定題目意思的關鍵詞。例如：
例1：
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Advertising is the only main cause for people’s unhealthy eating habits.
看到這個題目，同學們立刻會開始想，有沒有other reasons for unhealthy habits，想出三條
如：1. People’s tight schedules do not allow them to eat at regular hours;
2. Sometimes people are eager to lose weight or to keep fit so that they go on “endless diets”;
3. Bearing heavy burden both physically and mentally, some consider eating constantly as their most effective stress reliever.
綜上所述，advertising is not the only cause.
這個寫法看起來非常完備，但其實犯了一個不起眼卻嚴重的錯誤——題目不是要我們證明it is not the only cause，而是要我們去證明it is not the only main cause。多一個“main”，意思是很不一樣的。如果我們只需要證明it is not the only cause，那么找出other causes即可即例1中的寫法。但是，如果我們要證明it is not the only main cause，就需要證明other causes that we mentioned are also main causes，這就需要在每一段中加上一些專門的說明。或者，更簡單的辦法是去證明advertising is not even a cause, 直接在每段的末尾加上advertising與該段所論述的unhealthy eating habit無關的論述即可。If it is not a cause, how can it be the only main cause? 這樣一來，就不用通過證明還有其他main cause來反駁了，事實上，證明某種cause是main cause還是挺有難度的，因此筆者推薦同學們用后一種方式進行論述。因此，文章還是disagree，而三段的主題句分別應該是：
1.People’s tight schedules do not allowthem to eat at regular hours, and it is obvious that they are too busy to be influenced by advertising;
2. Sometimes people are eager to lose weight or to keep fit so that they go on “endless diets”, and this is more like a result of human nature, the pursuit of beauty, but not advertising;
3. Bearing heavy burden both physically and mentally, some consider eating constantly as their most effective stress reliever, and it is quite clear that no advertisingencourages them to do so.
例2：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Colleges and universities should offer more preparation for student before they start working.
看到這個題目，很多同學會可能會這樣寫：Agree. 1. Students should take more specialized courses (專業課)in order to be knowledgeable and skillful enough for their future careers(接著開始論述being knowledgeable and skillful的重要性); 2. Participating in internships helps students to have a clearer picture of their vocational development in the future(接著開始論述如果沒有實過習，在工作的時候是多么地feel so unprepared); 3. Attending more club activities is an effective way to improve social skills, which are crucial for success both in life and at work(接著開始論述good social skills對職業和生活的幫助).
如果不看括號里的內容，僅看主題句，這篇文章是沒有任何問題的。然而，括號中的論述從嚴格意義上來講，是不能支持“more”這個關鍵詞的。舉個簡單的例子：“我們需要錢”和“我們需要更多錢”在證明的時候重點是不一樣的。如果證明“我們需要錢”，應該詳細闡述錢的“不可或缺性”，比如生活、學習、教育都需要錢;但是如果證明“我們需要更多錢”，重點則應該放在“錢不夠”的論述上，證明在學習、生活、教育方面的預算都很緊張。同樣地，上面的題目中僅僅證明Knowledge for careers, field experience and social skills are important是不夠的，事實上，這些根本不需要證明，需要證明的事情是graduates today are not well prepared in the three aspects. 因此這篇文章應該是一篇“抱怨型”的文章，詳細地去論述學校工作的不足。參考思路如下：Agree. 1. Many students today complain that they cannot learn practical skills and up-to-date information, for some of their teachers are not qualified enough to teach specialized courses; 2. Since many students are not allowed enough time to participate in internship programs before graduation, they know very little about what their future jobs like; 3. Joining clubs is possible for every college student, yet not every club provide is capable of offering enough opportunities for students to practice their social skills.
同學們在寫文章的時候一定要注意，學術論文寫作不是句型和辭藻的堆砌，整篇文章一定是一個well-organized system，這個system中很重要的原則之二就是——1、每個中間段的topic sentence是用來支持main idea的;2、topic sentence后面的每句話都是用來支持該topic sentence的。在上面的兩個例子中，大家會發現例1的錯誤主要是main idea沒有很好地被topic sentence支持;而例2的錯誤在于topic sentence雖然看起來是支持main idea的，但是論述的內容可能跟關鍵詞“more”無關，從而不能有力地支持topic sentences。這些錯誤的起因，則是對題干中關鍵詞的忽略。
托福獨立寫作審題誤區一 關鍵詞理解不準確
與忽略關鍵詞的人不同，有些同學過于執著于關鍵詞的字面意思，而沒能看出其背后的implication，從而被關鍵詞限制住思路，無法下筆。比起忽略關鍵詞，這種錯誤更常發生在細心且實力不錯的同學身上，也很值得大家注意。筆者建議，在寫文章的時候要靈活，不要拘泥于關鍵詞的字面意思，否則理由很不好想，就算想出來也很難用英文表達。例如：
例3：
Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The government should spend more money on elementary school education than on university education.
題目的意思是說，比起投資大學教育，政府應該在小學教育上投入更多的資金。看到這個題，同學們會有不同的看法，大體來講無非是兩種——認為university education應該花更多的錢或反之。但是，大家很快會發現證明任何一種觀點都是不容易的。比如說，有些同學可能會這樣寫：Agree. 1. Elementary school education involves more students than university education and it requires more money; 2. Colleges and universities have more sponsors than elementary schools so that the government should offer more financial support for the latter.3. Since elementary school education is the cornerstone of university education, it deserves more money from the government.
上面的主題句看起來是沒有問題的，然而在展開的時候困難重重——個點里說Pupils的數量多所以花錢多，這的確是事實，可是pupil人均所需要的經費卻肯定比university students少，最關鍵的是，我們并沒有數據作為支撐;第二點里說校友或社會人士的支持使得大學在財政方便面比小學要寬裕的多，然而，這還是一個沒有數據就無法證明的觀點;第三點里說elementary school education是university education的基礎所以前者就應當比后者得到更多的預算，這是一個典型的邏輯錯誤，因此在段落展開的時候將會十分困難。A是B的基礎并不意味著要為A花更多的錢。總之，錢本身就是一個可以量化的東西，如果真的以錢的多少來寫這道題，在沒有數據支持的情況下是很難成文的。許多同學之所以在寫的時候覺得自己的文章很牽強，就是因為把該文當成了論述題，而大家要知道，論述題都是要會給出數據讓我們來分析的。那么，在沒有數據的情況下，這種題目該怎么寫呢?找到money后面的implication很重要。其實，題目并不是要我們去討論哪種教育應該花更多的錢，而是讓我們去對比兩種教育的重要性，自然地，更加重要的教育就應該花更多的錢。所以我們可以有以下論述：
(Main idea) I cannot agree that the government should spend more money on elementary school education than on university education, because they are equally important.
(Topic sentence) 1. Elementary school education prepares children for college education by teaching them how to learn and what they are supposed to learn.
托福寫作五個高分句型積累
1、表示原因
1)There are three reasons for this.
2)The reasons for this are as follows.
3)The reason for this is obvious.
4)The reason for this is not far to seek.
5)The reason for this is that...
例如： There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life.Firstly,peoples living standard has been greatly improved.Secondly,most people are well paid,and they can afford what they need or like.Last but not least,more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life.
2、表示好處
1)It has the following advantages.
2)It does us a lot of good.
3)It benefits us quite a lot.
4)It is beneficial to us.
5)It is of great benefit to us.
例如： Books are like friends.They can help us know the world better,and they can open our minds and widen our horizons.Therefore,reading extensively is of great benefit to us.
3、表示壞處
1)It has more disadvantages than advantages.
2)It does us much harm.
3)It is harmfulto us.
例如：However,everything dividesinto two.Television can also be harmful to us.It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching televi- sion.
4、表示重要、必要、困難、方便、可能
1)It is important(necessary,difficult,convenient,possible)for sb.to do sth.
2)We think it necessary to do sth.
3)It plays an important role in our life.
例如： Computers are now being used everywhere,whether in the government,in schools or in business.Soon,computers will be found in every home,too.We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age.
5、表示措施
1)We should take some effective measures.
2)We should try our best to overcome(conquer)the difficulties.
3)We should do our utmost in doing sth.
4)We should solve the problems that we are confronted(faced)with.
例如：The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious.Therefore,we must take some effective measures to solve it.
托福寫作易丟分的內容
1.結構不平行例：I was able to raise my TOEFL score by studying hard and I read lots of books.當使用連詞將一系列的單詞聯接起來的時候，應當使用詞性相同或同一類型的短語。
2.不知所云例：Many companies began using computers mouth.
3.段落過長，不分段主語與動詞一致問題She are a good friend of mine that I has known for a long time.主語和動詞在數方面不一致。
4.句子別扭We heated the soup in the microwave for too long and the shape of the container changed.措辭過長或不清。換言之，句子顯得滑稽可笑。
5.不要使用縮寫在正式的寫作中不要使用縮寫形式(can’t，don’t，it’s，we’ll，they’ve等等)，而應當使用單詞的完整理式(cannot，do not，it is，we will，they have等等)。
6.關聯詞語重復Since I want to go to a good school, therefore I am trying to raise my test scores.不能在該句的主要主語和主要動詞前使用連詞。
7.句子不完整Many students have a hard time passing all the tests to getsintoscollege. For example, my friend in high school.句子沒有主要主語或主要動詞，因為其實它應是一個從句。這是一個非常常見的錯誤，修改的方法是將兩個句子連接起來。
8.不要使用get When I got home, I got tired, so I got a book and gotsintosbed. Get太不正式，意思也過于含糊，不適合用在正式的場合。應將get改為一個更加具體的單詞，如become, receive, find, achieve,等等。
9.書寫難以辨認信息不正確I would like to study in America because all modern technology originated there.傳的信息不正確，或者讓人聽起來覺得可能不正確(如果確實是正確的，應當解釋為什么這樣，因為讀者不認為是正確的)。上述例句中，all的意思是百分之百;我們不能絕對地說每一件新東西都是從美國誕生的。為保險起見，應當使用many或most。非英語單詞Computers are very helpful and advantageable.盡管看起來象個單詞，其實不是，至少不是個英文單詞。使用這個單詞的另一種形式。
10.介詞多余I would like to discuss about something important that you mentioned about to me during yesterday. We went to downtown yesterday to buy a watch. When I first came to the US, I did not have a lot of friends in here. In class, my classmate never mentioned about her husband.在表示這種意思時此單詞不能與介詞連用。這種情況常見于downtown，home，there，here等詞。這些詞語在英語中是副詞而非名詞，因而不能在它們前面添加介詞。
11.跑題或不相關There are many reasons to buy a car, preferably a nice car.這個意思與okay for children to fail sometimes.所表達的意思很普通大多數人都已經知道到了，因而就沒有必要再說出來。
12.標點問題I love animals. And I like to help them. Because they are helpless. So I want to become a vet.這是一個非常普遍的問題!許多學生在句子中使用了太多的句號，尤其是當他們用手寫的時候。
13.重復冗余Personally, I believe what the newspaper prints.一種意思的表述不止一次，或者某個詞語不必要。
14.單數/復數Many year ago, dinosaur roamed the Earths.單詞需要從單數變為復數，或者由復數變成單數。單數可數名詞單數可數名詞不能單獨使用，應該將其變為復數形式或者加上限定詞(a, the, my, his, her, Gary’s, no, any, 1, 3, 50, most,等等)。
15.拼寫錯誤主語、動詞或賓語有問題I want to buy something for my mother that she will like it. There was a terrible accident happen yesterday.句子的基本結構有問題 缺少主語、動詞或賓語，或者這些成分重復。
16.語氣與文章不符I was kind of mad at the guy who vociferated angry words at me. I have heard many wonderful things about such cosmopolitan cities as Paris, London, Tokyo, and Hong Kong and I would love to visit these cities to check them out.語氣與文章其他部分不相符可能是過于正式或者太不正式。
17.代詞指代不明If people do not speak the same language, it has a greater chance of miscommunication. I intend to complete my studies in the United States because they have good programs there.代詞所指代的指示詞(介詞所代替的名詞)不清楚。
18.過于籠統We should use our resources on Earth because the Earth is getting worse. 句子或它所表達的意思過于籠統，不能提供多少信息。
19.動詞時態錯誤Yesterday I will go to the store because tomorrow I needed some food.動詞時態不正確檢查一下是應該用現在時、過去時、將來時還是完成時等等。
20.選詞不恰當I was late getting home because I lost my way.在這種情況下不應該使用該詞可選擇更好的詞語或者所使用的詞語與文章的總體語氣不符。
21.單詞形式不當I want to creation a great web site so that I can becoming wealth.所使用的單詞的形式不正確檢查一下應該使用該詞的名詞、形容詞或副詞形式的哪一種。
22.用詞錯誤Even I don’t speak Spanish, I was able to find a bathroom in the department store. I gained a lot of pounds during vacation.用詞錯誤或在此種情況下該詞不是最佳用詞。
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