GRE閱讀高頻機經原文及答案：雄性動物養孩子
想必大家在備考gre考試的時候，最喜歡的就是吸取新鮮的考試真題，這樣對自己的能力也是一個考驗，最能檢驗自己目前的能力在什么水平，今天小編為大家帶來的就是GRE閱讀高頻機經原文及答案：雄性動物養孩子!
GRE閱讀高頻機經原文及答案：雄性動物養孩子
雄性動物養孩子
The main exception to primate researchers’ general pattern of ignoring interactions between males and infants has been the study of male care among monogamous primates. It has been known for over 200 years, ever since a zoologist-illustrator named George Edwards decided to watch the behavior of pet marmosets in a London garden, that among certain species of New World monkeys males contributed direct care for infants that equaled or exceeded that given by females. Mothers among marmosets and tamarins typically give birth to twins, as often as twice a year, and to ease the female in her staggering reproductive burden the male carries the infant at all times except when the mother is actually suckling it. It was assumed by Kleiman that monogamy and male confidence of paternity were essential to the evolution of such care, and at the same time, it was assumed by Symons and others that monogamy among primates must be fairly rare.
Recent findings, however, make it necessary to reverse this picture. First of all, monogamy among primates turns out to be rather more frequent than previously believed (either obligate or
facultive monogamy can be documented for some 17-20 percent of extant primates) and second, male care turns out to be far more extensive than previously thought and not necessarily confined to monogamous species, according to Hrdy. Whereas previously, it was assumed that monogamy and male certainty of paternity facilitated the evolution of male care, it now seems appropriate to consider the alternative possibility, whether the extraordinary capacity of male primates to look out for the fates of infants did not in some way pre-adapt members of this order for the sort of close, long-term relationships between males and females that, under some ecological circumstances, leads to monogamy! Either scenario could be true. The point is that on the basis of present knowledge there is no reason to view male care as a restricted or specialized phenomenon. In sum, though it remains true that mothers among virtually all primates devote more time and/or energy to rearing infants than do males, males nonetheless play a more varied and critical role in infant survival than is generally realized.
1. The author of the passage mentions the work of Hrdy primarily to
A. present an instance of an untenable assumption
B. illustrate a consensus by citing a representative claim
C. provide evidence that challenges a belief
D. highlight a corollary of a widespread view
E. offer data that help resolve a debate
2. According to the passage, the evolutionary relationship between male care and monogamy is
A. incontestable
B. immutable
C. uncommon
D. immaterial
E. uncertain
3. The author of the passage suggests that it is “appropriate to consider the alternative possibility” because the previous view
A. results in a contradiction
B. depends on problematic data
C. appears less definite given certain facts
D. conflates two distinct phenomena
E. overlooks a causal relationship between correlated phenomena
4. Which of the following statements, if true, would pose the greatest challenge to “the alternative possibility”?
A. The number of primate species in which male care of infants is exhibited is greater than the number of primate species that practice monogamy.
B. Male care of infants among primates can be seen earlier in the evolutionary record than can monogamy among primates.
C. Monogamous relationships among primates can be found in species living in a variety of physical environments.
D. Most primate species that practice monogamy do not show any evidence of male care of infants.
E. Male care of infants can be observed in some primate species that lack male confidence of paternity.
答案：CECA
GRE閱讀容易被你所忽視的三類詞匯
perspective 透視畫法;觀點，方法;前景，遠景
prospect 前景，景色;前途;勘探，尋找
appreciate 理解，認識，意識到;欣賞;感激
elaborate v.&adj. 精心制作，詳細描述;精心制作的
address v.從事，忙于;n. 演講
appropriate v. 撥給(資金)， 盜用/ adj.合適的
strain n. 血統，品系，菌株;緊張，張力;v.扭傷，拉緊
article n. 物品，商品
intrigue v.&n 激發興趣;密謀;陰謀
intriguing adj. 激發興趣的
assume v. 承擔，擔任;假裝;假設
bark n. 樹皮;犬吠
bill n.議案，法案;鳥嘴;賬單
champion vt. 支持，擁護;n.冠軍
aging n.老化，陳釀
complex n. 綜合體 adj.復雜的
concern n. 公司(壟斷組織“康采恩”就是它的音譯)
attribute v.&n 歸因于;特征，屬性
default n.&v. 不履行;違約;拖欠;默認(值)
drill vt. 鉆(孔);訓練，操練
exploit v. 開發，利用n. 功績
fair n. 集市，交易會;adj.公平的，美麗的 adv.公平地，直接地
fairly adv. 相當地，公平地
game n. 獵物，野味
fashion vt. 形成，塑造 n.時尚，方式
inviting adj. 引人注目的，吸引人的
alternate v.&adj. 交替，輪流; 交替的
alternating adj.交互的，交替的
alternative n.&adj. 可供選擇的方案(option);選擇性的(optional)
GRE閱讀 如何把握作者寫作態度 有利于解題
1.社會現象.作者反對將社會現象拔高到階級、政治、意識形態或超人性的高度，反對各種左派思想、革命主張和馬克思主義。
2.文學評論作者一貫反對從政治或意識形態角度去解釋文學現象或評價相應觀點，作者贊同從純文學標準進行解釋或評價。
3.對于新材料、新發現、新發明。作者的態度以支持的正評價為主，有時會提到缺陷，但不影響主態度。
4.生命科學，作者一貫反對Darwin及其進化論，包括趨同進化觀點。
5.對如下題材作者與我們持有相同的傾向。
溫室效應(二氧化碳數量)。
臭氧層問題。
供水問題(淡水資源缺乏)、城市污染、沙漠化侵襲——環境類問題。
6.關于弱勢人群或其他
有婦女題材、黑人題材、黑人婦女題材、少數民族題材等。有三種態度作者一貫反對：
1.仇視。
2.認為上述問題不重要，不值得研究。
3.認為上述問題已經完全解決。
4.作者態度：關注并盼望有方案給出。
5.喜新厭舊.過去的、傳統的、大家一致接受的，作者至少不會給正評價。
ETS如何考查GRE閱讀文章內部的復雜邏輯
新GRE閱讀文章內容復雜程度降低了，但是新GRE閱讀變化在于邏輯復雜程度升高。考生們想要獲得新GRE閱讀理解的高分，則更加注重文章的內在聯系。這反映了ETS對于影響研究生階段學術成功的基本能力的更為深入的把握。
新GRE閱讀的文字內容復雜程度有所降低，邏輯復雜程度持續增加。而ETS在多年的跟蹤研究后也意識到，恰當準確把握文章內部的復雜邏輯的能力，同研究生階段的成績關系更大些。下面，我們以一篇樣題為例看一下ETS是如何考查新GRE閱讀文章內部的復雜邏輯：
Policymakers must confront the dilemma that fossil fuels continue to be an indispensable source of energy even though burning them produces atmospheric accumulations of carbon dioxide that increase the likelihood of potentially disastrous global climate change. Currently, technology that would capture carbon dioxide emitted by power plants and sequester it harmlessly underground or undersea instead of releasing it into the atmosphere might double the cost of generating electricity. But because sequestration does not affect the cost of electricity transmission and distribution, delivered prices will rise less, by no more than 50 percent. Research into better technologies for capturing carbon dioxide will undoubtedly lead to lowered costs.
1. The passage implies which of the following about the current cost of generating electricity?
It is higher than it would be if better technologies for capturing carbon dioxide were available.
It is somewhat less than the cost of electricity transmission and distribution.
It constitutes at most half of the delivered price of electricity.
It is dwelt on by policymakers to the exclusion of other costs associated with electricity delivery.
It is not fully recovered by the prices charged directly to electricity consumers.
對上文的邏輯進行提煉我們發現，得出這樣一個邏輯推理鏈條：
環保技術(technology that would capture carbon dioxide emitted by power plants and sequester it harmlessly underground or undersea instead of releasing it into the atmosphere)增加一倍發電成本(double the cost of generating electricity)。環保技術不改變傳輸成本(the cost of electricity transmission and distribution)。最終價格(delivered prices)增加不超過50%。
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