托福寫作字數和分數到底有怎樣的關系
托福寫作詞數寫的越多，得分就會越高?這話對不對呢?為什么很多托福考生在考場上洋洋灑灑寫了五六百詞，寫作分數卻并不高?托福寫作字數和分數之間到底存在著一種什么樣的關系呢?來看看下文吧!
托福寫作字數和分數到底有怎樣的關系
首先，我們先來看看托福寫作“the longer, the better”這種說法的合理之處。
托福考試的寫作部分是由Human rater(真人評分)和E-rater共同評分，最終取加權平均值。Human rater非常看重文章內容的充實，也就是考生是否能夠在相應的段落中給出合理且清晰的理由、例證和細節把問題表述清楚。這樣一來，如果中間發展段只有寥寥幾筆，考生肯定不能把問題講清楚，從而在Development這個維度上就達不到考試的要求。而E-rater雖然讀不懂考生文章的內容，卻能夠通過the length of discourse elements(話語元素長度)這一標準對于考生的中間發展段進行評估。The length of discourse elements(話語元素長度)主要評估考生文章的兩個方面：
平均句長
也就是文章的平均每個句子包含的單詞數量。如果一個考生內容沒有進行有效發展，也就是說該考生沒有什么內容可寫，E-rater就會默認考生的句子一定寫不長;反過來，如果一個考生內容發展充實，那么該考生的句子一定有豐富的內容表述，此時寫出來的句子一定不會很短。
中間發展段句子數量
也就是每個理由段考生寫了多少個句子進行支撐自己的觀點。如果考生內容沒有發展，中間理由段也就沒什么話說，這時候中間段就不會有太多的句子進行支撐;反過來，如果一個考生內容發展充實，那么該考生中間段一定有多個句子從不同細節角度進行支撐自己的觀點。
其實托福考試評分標準中并沒有把詞數達標作為一個衡量標準，但是建議考生寫作詞數不少于300詞，因為一般來說，少于300詞的托福獨立寫作文章內容發展不會那么充實，也就是說詞數不夠直接影響到了評分維度中的Development一項。
但是，是不是一個考生詞數寫的多就能夠證明文章發展充實從而得到高分呢?
我們來看一組ETS研究論文中的數據。下圖為了研究方便，ETS的工作人員使用了傳統寫作的6分制評分重新設定了托福的分數(也就是6分為滿分)：
在上圖中，我們可以看到，滿分(6分)的文章大都是詞數為400詞左右的文章，且當文章的詞數達到了一定范圍(400詞以上)，寫作分數上沒有了明顯的變化。
在上圖中可以看到，獨立寫作抽樣了476篇文章，其中最高分的文章有102篇，寫的最多的詞數為586詞，寫的最少的詞數竟然只有261詞(這就是為什么上文中提到獨立寫作的建議詞數是300詞，而不是硬性要求詞數，當然，對于大多數考生來說，由于缺乏嫻熟的語言駕馭能力，很難用這么少的詞數把內容表述清楚)，其平均詞數只有385.3個詞;同時，在低分檔(2分)的文章中最多詞數有507個詞的，這時候你還會覺得詞數越多得分越高嗎?
拋開數據不看，我們也能夠理解，一篇文章好壞除了內容是否寫得充實外，還需要考慮內容的相關度、語言的質量以及語句之間的邏輯銜接等。很多同學為了湊詞數而大量背誦沒有意義的模板句，與主題關聯性不是很大的例子，這樣不僅不會得到高分，反而會在考試中丟分。
在托福的獨立寫作中，除了文章結構組織(這一點大多數考生只要接受過正規的培訓基本都沒什么問題)和語言的正確使用(這一點需要考生課下的積累)之外，文章的發展，也就是具體的內容，往往決定著考生的分數。一般來說，內容充實的文章往往能夠得到高分，同時，內容充實的文章詞數一般也不會太少。如果只關注詞數本身而忽略了文章內容，就會造成“詞數多，分數高”的假象。
再通俗一點說，飯店里菜的分量多一般用大盤子裝，而大盤子端上來的菜分量不一定多。
如何快速提升托福綜合寫作?概括和轉述是兩大核心
對托福綜合寫作閱讀內容的總結和闡釋不能照抄閱讀文章原文，概括能力和 轉述能力成為了綜合寫作的兩大核心能力。新東方在線托福網為大家帶來托福綜合寫作的兩大核心能力，希望對大家托福備考有所幫助。更多精彩盡請關注新東方在線托福網!
在綜合寫作中，對綜合寫作閱讀內容的總結和闡釋不能照抄閱讀文章原文，因此 概括能力(summarization skills)和 轉述能力(paraphrasing skills)成為了綜合寫作的兩大核心能力。
所謂概括能力，是指將段落中的論據或細節通過遞進、并列、轉折、因果等關系進行組織。
我們來看下列的段落：
The online questionnaire is able to feature many online options to help a respondent complete the survey that normally he or she might not be able to receive. For example, there could be a glossary to explain an unknown word. Also, the questionnaire submission is much easier, done at the click of a button instead of wasting time and effort via mailing the forms.
這個段落的分論點是many online options(在線選項)可以幫助很多問卷調查者(respondents)更好地完成問卷。通過論據和細節的展開，我們知道這些 online options 既包括 glossary 對不熟悉的單詞進行解釋，又包括easy submission.
所以用一句話來概括這段話，應該為：
There are more online features that are helpful for questionnaire respondents, such as glossaries to explain unfamiliar words and easy submissions at the click of a button.
再如：Moreover, genetically modified trees promise to bring a number of economic benefits to those who grow them. Genetically modified trees tend to grow faster, give greater yields of food, fruit, or other products, and be hardier. This allows tree farmers to get faster and greater returns on their farming investment and save on pesticides as well.
這個段落的分論點是 genetically modified trees(轉基因樹木)帶來許多經濟利益。通過論據和細節的展開，我們知道這是因為 genetically modified trees 生長的更快、產量更大、更為耐寒;而這些特質使得樹農投資回報更快、更多，并且節約了殺蟲劑的開支。
用一句話來概括這段話，應該為：
Genetically modified trees bring tree farmers many economic benefits, including favorable returns on their investment and savings on pesticides.
所謂 轉述能力，是指需要通過明顯地改變原句表達方式或者濃縮、提煉核心意思去改寫原文。
Youngsters who watched educational children’s television for several hours a week had higher scores on academic tests three years later.
尋找youngsters, educational children’s television, several, higher scores等單詞或短語的同義詞，原句轉述為：
Young children who watched a few hours of educational programs a week had better test scores three years later.
>>> 方法二：詞性轉換法
Telecommuting can bring numerous benefits to both employees and employers.
轉化為benefit(動詞)：
Both employees and employers can benefit from telecommuting.
轉化為beneficial(形容詞)：
Telecommuting is beneficial to both employees and employers.
beneficiaries(名詞，表示人)：
Both employees and employers can be beneficiaries of telecommuting.
>>> 方法三：主動和被動語態轉換法
For the price of one regular paperback novel, several book files could be purchased.
將原句的被動語態(could be purchased)轉化為主動語態(people could purchase)：
For the same price as one paperback novel, people could purchase several book files.
>>> 方法四：句子結構轉換法
句子結構轉換法是最為常用的方法——通過將句子間結構的轉換，進而對原有的句子進行轉述。句子間結構的轉換，即包括簡單句、并列句和從句間的轉換，也包括不同從句(包括賓語從句、定語從句、狀語從句、同位語從句等)之間的相互轉換，以及不同句型結構的使用(包括形式主語結構、強調結構、插入語結構、非謂語結構、虛擬語氣結構等)。
(1)簡單句和從句子間的轉換
There has been an upsurge in the prevalence of electronic books due to rapid advancements in technology.(簡單句)
Because there have been rapid advancements in technology, the prevalence of electronic books has experienced an upsurge.(原因狀語從句)
(2)賓語從句和定語從句間的轉換
The study suggests that television may have a positive influence on children’s intellectual development. (賓語從句)
According to the study, television may positively influence the way that children’s intelligence develops. (定語從句)
(3)非謂語結構的使用
If students can receive instructions at home on the television, they can save time, money, and fuel on transportation.(條件狀語從句)
Receiving instructions from television at home, students can save time,money, and fuel on transportation. (非謂語結構)
The carbon dioxide leads to the worldwide greenhouse effect, which causes the sea level to rise and produces negative impacts on weather.(定語從句)
The carbon dioxide raises the sea level and negatively influences weather, leadingto the greenhouse effect worldwide.(非謂語結構)
在綜合寫作寫作過程中，句子轉述的四種方法很少“單獨使用”，而往往“組合使用”。
托福寫作范文：自己獨住還是和別人分享宿舍
托福寫作題目
You have been told that dormitory rooms at your university must be shared by two students. Would you rather have the university assign a student to share a room with you, or would you rather choose your own roommate? Use specific reasons and details to explain your answer. 在大學里，喜歡自己獨住還是和別人分享宿舍?
托福寫作范文
I’d rather have the university assign a roommate. As far as I’m concerned, having a roommate is part of the university experience. Students should meet new people and be open to new experiences. I think the university will choose an appropriate roommate for me.
Even though the university will choose, it’s not totally a random situation. We all filled out personality questionnaires. The school knows what we’re majoring in, what our interests are, and our study habits and our goals. Besides, if a mistake is made, I can change my room assignment next semester and find a new roommate or a new room.
If I did want to choose my own roommate, first I would have to pick some candidates from the list given to me by the university. Then I’d write to them and they’d write back. Through our letters, we’d find out if we have common ground and similar personalities, such as sports or movies. Through my investigation, I’d probably get someone compatible with me. It’s a lot of work to go through so many candidates. Besides, the process of finding similar interests isn’t all that different from what the university does.
But I might choose someone who sounds just like me and still find that the two of us just don’t get along as roommates. I’d rather be with someone who has different interests and likes to do different things, so my roommate could be different from me. This isn’t a problem, but I hope they can be understanding as to our differences. One of the reasons I’m going to the university is to be exposed to a lot of new experiences. So, I’d rather have the university choose my roommate.
托福寫作滿分要素剖析
一. 語言表達
本文的觀點新穎，摒棄了傳統的對稱式辯論寫法，層層遞進的解釋了自己的論據，闡述了自己的論點。除了文章首段的主旨段，之后的每一段都以一個讓步句作為首句，然后再從正反兩面論述自己的分論點。邏輯結構嚴密謹慎。由此可知，大家在寫作文的時候不要怕自己的論點標新立異與眾不同，只要能做到言之有理，論點充分，邏輯嚴謹，最終能夠自圓其說，一樣會得到考官的青睞。
1. As far as I’m concerned, having a roommate is part of the university experience. 此句中as far as I’m concerned, doing sth is part of the some experience 表示我認為做什么事兒是什么經歷的一種，類似句型有：In my perspective, it is part of the university for me to have a roommate.
2. Through my investigation, I’d probably get someone compatible with me. It’s a lot of work to go through so many candidates. 這兩個句子看似各自獨立，卻是轉折的關系。是說雖然我能通過調查找到合適的室友，但我得為此花很大的精力。句中get someone compatible with someone 的同義詞組為 be compatible with someone， 意為和某人相處融洽。
3. But I might choose someone who sounds just like me and still find that the two of us just don’t get along as roommates. 此句中But + 句子，and still find that + 從句，也是經典的轉折句式，表示雖然怎么樣，但是還是會怎么樣。體現了作者語言的豐富性和多樣性。
4. One of the reasons I’m going to the university is to be exposed to a lot of new experiences. 此句中one of the reasons someone be doing sth is …是一種常用的句式，表示某人做某事的原因之一是…。除此之外be exposed to在這里表示面臨，接受。
二 邏輯結構
本文是一個遞進的結構，開始說了作者即使學校給選擇室友，也不是完全隨機的，這是一個讓步段。后面作者說了學校選擇室友的機制其實和自己挑選是一樣的。并在最后一段進行遞進升華，即使作者沒有找到相同興趣的室友，反而更好，因為這樣作者可以體會到不一樣的人生觀和世界觀。
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托福寫作字數和分數到底有怎樣的關系
