托福閱讀OG真題資料

時間：2020-06-14 11:28:51 楚薇0由分享

OG也就是托福閱讀的考試指南，是大家備考的重要資料，那么在具體的備考中，考試指南中都有哪些重點內容，是大家要掌握的?針對這些重點，大家應該如何更好的來備考，應對托福閱讀考試?下面小編為大家整理了詳細的內容，供大家參考!

托福閱讀OG真題資料

Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy or despondent? It turns out that the expression of many emotions may be universal. Smiling is apparently a universal sign of friendliness and approval. Baring the teeth in a hostile way, as noted by Charles Darwin in the nineteenth century, may be a universal sign of anger. As the originator of the theory of evolution, Darwin believed that the universal recognition of facial expressions would have survival value. For example, facial expressions could signal the approach of enemies (or friends) in the absence of language.

【A】 Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the same emotions in all people. 【B】Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facial expressions.【C】 In classic research Paul Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness. 【D】 He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were being depicted in them. Those queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands. All groups, including the Fore, who had almost no contact with Western culture, agreed on the portrayed emotions. The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic emotional responses. Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar results in a study of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that multiple emotions were shown by facial expressions. The participants generally agreed on which two emotions were being shown and which emotion was more intense.

Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect emotional states. In fact, various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of electrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain. The facial-feedback hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship between emotions and facial expressions can also work in the opposite direction. According to this hypothesis, signals from the facial muscles ("feedback") are sent back to emotion centers of the brain, and so a person's facial expression can influence that person's emotional state. Consider Darwin's words: "The free expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions." Can smiling give rise to feelings of good will, for example, and frowning to anger?

Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings concerning the facial-feedback hypothesis. Causing participants in experiments to smile, for example, leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons (humorous drawings of people or situations) as being more humorous. When they are caused to frown, they rate cartoons as being more aggressive.

What are the possible links between facial expressions and emotion? One link is arousal, which is the level of activity or preparedness for activity in an organism. Intense contraction of facial muscles, such as those used in signifying fear, heightens arousal. Self-perception of heightened arousal then leads to heightened emotional activity. Other links may involve changes in brain temperature and the release of neurotransmitters (substances that transmit nerve impulses.) The contraction of facial muscles both influences the internal emotional state and reflects it. Ekman has found that the so-called Duchenne smile, which is characterized by "crow's feet" wrinkles around the eyes and a subtle drop in the eye cover fold so that the skin above the eye moves down slightly toward the eyeball, can lead to pleasant feelings.

Ekman's observation may be relevant to the British expression "keep a stiff upper lip" as a recommendation for handling stress. It might be that a "stiff" lip suppresses emotional response—as long as the lip is not quivering with fear or tension. But when the emotion that leads to stiffening the lip is more intense, and involves strong muscle tension, facial feedback may heighten emotional response.

托福閱讀常見背景詞匯積累

動物：

動物分類：物種 species

食肉動物carnivore

食草動物herbivore

雜食動物omnivore

捕食者predator

被捕食者prey

兩棲類amphibian

微生物microbe

哺乳動物mammal

爬蟲類reptile

食腐動物scavenger

水棲的aquatic

脊椎動物vertebrate

無脊椎動物invertebrate

生活習性：

群居 social animal

遷徙 migrate

偽裝 camouflage

冬眠hibernate

免疫immune

呼吸respiration

達爾文學說Darwinism

進化evolve

退化degenerate

滅絕extinct

生存survive

祖先ancestor

后代offspring

馴養domesticate

飼養raise

放牧graze

昆蟲insect

黑猩猩chimpanzee

蜥蜴lizard

恐龍dinosaur

貝殼類shellfish

蛤clam

海豚dolphin

海綿體sponge

浮游生物plankton

珊瑚(蟲)coral

魚鱗scale

呼吸孔blowhole

腮gill

繁殖reproduce/proliferate/multiply

植物：

苔蘚 lichen

真菌 fungi

蘑菇 mushroom

生態平衡 ecological balance

歐美歷史

發現美洲階段：哥倫布、印第安土人

獨立戰爭American Revolution

南北戰爭Civil War

殖民地colony

定居點settlement

獨立independence

移民immigrant

奴隸制slavery

拓荒者pioneer

種族的 ethnic

西班牙裔Hispanic

印第安人Indian

保護區reservation

自治autonomy

黑人African American

采摘gathering

不毛之地barren land

沃土fertile land

放牧graze

牲口棚barn

牧場pasture

灌溉irrigate

殺蟲劑pesticide

種植園plantation

考古進化類話題

年代age period/epoch/era

編年的chronological

石器時代Stone Age

青銅器時代(2000B.C.) Bronze Age

鐵器時代(1400B.C.) Iron Age

人類學anthropology

起源origin

祖先ancestor

分布distribution

種族race

人造物品artifact

古董antique

遺跡relic

農業

人口危機population crisis

氣候的不穩定性instability of climatic conditions

種植業crop cultivation

畜牧業livestock farming

乳品業dairy farming

園藝horticulture

小麥wheat

玉米corn, maize

棉花cotton

谷物grain

高粱sorghum

煙草tobacco

灌溉irrigation

天然肥料animal waste

化肥pesticide

殺蟲劑pesticide, insecticide

輪種crop rotation

間種companion planting

牛cattle

奶牛cows

羊goat

獸群/牧群herd

鹿deer

托福閱讀易錯題型的詳細解析

托福閱讀易錯題型分析：文章總結題

原因：

托福閱讀后面一題的錯題率是非常高的，主要錯題原因有答題時間不足或者考生能力不足。

分析及解決方法：

文章總結題處在后面一題位置，題型分值較高但是極容易出錯。這個題型考察考生對于文章整體的把握，需要足夠的解題時間。一部分考生由于時間緊張，往往匆匆作答，很難答對;還有部分考生是因為不能抓住文章主旨，分不清重點答不對題。

考生要想不出錯，則要分不同情況選擇方法解答題目。如果時間不足，可以選擇較長的選項;如果時間充足，則可以按照這樣的步驟答題：首先閱讀題干中對于原文的相關總結，有利于下面的正確選出正確選項;第二步是把選項看一遍，排除明顯和原文觀點矛盾的選項或者是原文細節、例證的選項;之后參考剩余選項提煉出關鍵詞，找回原文的相關出處，確定正誤。

托福閱讀易錯題型分析：詞匯題

原因：

這是托福閱讀考試當是出場率較高的一類題型，這種題型的易錯原因主要是因為詞匯量不足、忽略詞匯語境的作用導致的。

分析及解決方法：

對于托福閱讀考試當中出現頻率較高的題型——詞匯題，大部分原因是因為考生的詞匯的不足，造成詞匯不熟悉或者被選項詞給難住了。考生需要知道的是，托福閱讀考試詞匯題一般考察的是英語六級以上的詞匯水平，要想這類題型不出錯，那么你的詞匯基礎就一定要打好。

還有一部分同學不是因為托福詞匯量不足而導致題目做錯的，這類考生的原因就是詞匯的語境使用不清楚，直接選擇了自己記憶的詞匯含義，所以所選擇的答案就錯了。這樣的弊端往往是對于一詞多義的情況難以確定具體釋義或者是生僻釋義考察的情況出錯。考生要學會根結合語境解答詞匯題的方法。比如，根據例子與主要論證對象特質一致這個原理來解題，如果考察的詞匯是形容一個例子中的對象，這個對象所屬的大概念的特點已知，往往這個詞匯也具有類似的含義。又比如，利用“and”前后連接的句子感論壇彩一致或者轉折詞前后的內容相反的原則解題等等。

托福閱讀易錯題型分析：句子簡化題

原因：

這種題型可能大家常見的解決方法就是根據翻譯來解題，但是你的翻譯正確嗎?這就是這種題型錯誤的主要原因了。

分析及解決方法：

這種題型的正確解題方法應該是利用對句子的理解來解題，而不是靠翻譯，再說你的翻譯也不一定是正確的。這類題型容易出錯的主要原因在于考生往往先對原句進行翻譯，然后從選項中找出和原句翻譯類似的答案。這樣的解題方式的弊端在于浪費時間，而且往往選項翻譯都和原句出入不大，在選擇時常常出錯。

句子簡化題的正確做法是利用邏輯解題。使用這種方式不容易出錯，因為這種解題方法是從題型考察目的得來的。步驟是：首先看到句子之后的頭一個反應是找句子內部的邏輯關系。常見的邏輯關系有兩種轉折或者因果。舉例來說，若原句有轉折的邏輯關系，頭一步需要做的事情是排掉選項中邏輯關系不對的即不是表示轉折的，若選項中還有兩個以上邏輯關系都相符合，那么采用的原則是邏輯成分的對應。托福閱讀文章技巧：這是頭一步有邏輯關系的時候采用的方法;如果原句中沒有明顯的邏輯關系需要采用第二步--提取原句中的主干信息，排掉選項中主干信息不符的選項。

托福閱讀文章類型有哪幾類

學術性文章的篇章結構

在學術性文章中一般需要具備三個組成部分：

(1)Topic 話題即文章的主角是什么，比如講解某個科學理論、研究某種社會現象，探討某個歷史事件;在托福文章中這種導入性信息往往出現在篇首位置，考生可以根據篇首段信息對整篇文章所要討論的核心內容有一個大體的了解。

(2)Aspects 方面：即將篇首的話題延伸拓展為若干個方面進行闡述說明。若話題為某個科學論點則方面可能分為若干個支持論據，若話題為某種自然現象則方面可能分為若干個內外成因，若話題為某個歷史事件這方面為幾段發展時期，在托福閱讀文章中往往依照各個方面之間的層次關系，將各個方面拆分為若干個獨立的自然段落共同組成行文主體。

(3)Attitude態度即文章的作者對于所討論話題持怎樣的態度，或是積極肯定、或是消極否定、或是保持中立，在托福閱讀文章中態度往往是被較多的淡化甚至有可能省略不提。

Topic話題 +Aspects方面 + Attitude態度這三要素加起來就是標準學術論文體的"T+A+A篇章結構"，托福文章大都遵循這種結構這就可以通過篇首段落信息來把控整個文章話題及大致的討論方向，再抓住文章的各個段落的主旨就可以了解到整個文章的脈絡和文章的邏輯結構。

學術性文章的段落結構

學術性文章的自然段落一般需要具備兩個組成部分：

(1) Topic Sentence 主旨句：表達段落的主旨即本段想要表達的核心內容是什么。

(2) Detail 細節：為了詳細說明段落中心含義，所羅列的相關支持內容即本段通過哪些例證來闡明主旨句。

Topic Sentence主旨句 + Detail細節這兩個要素加起來就是標準學術論文體的"TS+D段落結構"，托福文章段落遵循這種結構就可以通過段落的主旨句把握該段的中心含義了。

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